The widespread distribution of fibroblasts underlines their central role in mammalian physiology, development and ageing. The existence of developmentally regulated and site‐specific phenotypic variation in fibroblasts is well documented. Recent evidence has revealed heterogeneity within the fibroblast population of a given tissue at a specified development stage. The relative proportion and tissue distribution of distinct fibroblast subsets must have important consequences in the control of connective tissue and adjacent epithelial functions in health and disease.

V. 1. Structures and processes -- v. 2. Domains and categories.

Architectural design is typically limited by the constraints imposed by physical space. If and when opportunities to attenuate or extinguish these limits arise, should they be seized? Here it is argued that the limiting influence of spatial embedding should not be regarded as a frustrating tyranny to be escaped wherever possible, but as a welcome enabling constraint to be leveraged. Examples from the natural world are presented, and an appeal is made to some recent results on complex systems and measures (...) of interaction complexity. (shrink)

The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture-psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔︎context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) (...) encounter quite different culture-psyche interactions and person↔︎context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes. (shrink)

An individual can interact with the same set of people over many different scales simultaneously. Four people might interact as a group of four and, at the same time, in pairs and triads. What is the relationship between different parallel interaction scales, and how might those scales themselves interact? We devised a four-player experimental game, the Modular Stag Hunt, in which participants chose not just whether to coordinate, but with whom, and at what scale. Our results reveal coordination behavior with (...) such a strong preference for dyads that undermining pairwise coordination actually improves group-scale outcomes. We present these findings as experimental evidence for competition, as opposed to complementarity, between different possible scales of multi-player coordination. This result undermines a basic premise of approaches, like those of network science, that fail to model the interacting effects of dyadic, triadic, and group-scale structures on group outcomes. (shrink)

In this article, we consider infants’ acquisition of foundational aspects of language and emotion through the lens of statistical learning. By taking a comparative developmental approach, we highlight ways in which the learning problems presented by input from these two rich communicative domains are both similar and different. Our goal is to encourage other scholars to consider multiple domains of human experience when developing theories in developmental cognitive science.

The Planteome project provides a suite of reference and species-specific ontologies for plants and annotations to genes and phenotypes. Ontologies serve as common standards for semantic integration of a large and growing corpus of plant genomics, phenomics and genetics data. The reference ontologies include the Plant Ontology, Plant Trait Ontology, and the Plant Experimental Conditions Ontology developed by the Planteome project, along with the Gene Ontology, Chemical Entities of Biological Interest, Phenotype and Attribute Ontology, and others. The project also provides (...) access to species-specific Crop Ontologies developed by various plant breeding and research communities from around the world. We provide integrated data on plant traits, phenotypes, and gene function and expression from 95 plant taxa, annotated with reference ontology terms. (shrink)

Biological ontologies are used to organize, curate, and interpret the vast quantities of data arising from biological experiments. While this works well when using a single ontology, integrating multiple ontologies can be problematic, as they are developed independently, which can lead to incompatibilities. The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies Foundry was created to address this by facilitating the development, harmonization, application, and sharing of ontologies, guided by a set of overarching principles. One challenge in reaching these goals was that the (...) OBO principles were not originally encoded in a precise fashion, and interpretation was subjective. Here we show how we have addressed this by formally encoding the OBO principles as operational rules and implementing a suite of automated validation checks and a dashboard for objectively evaluating each ontology’s compliance with each principle. This entailed a substantial effort to curate metadata across all ontologies and to coordinate with individual stakeholders. We have applied these checks across the full OBO suite of ontologies, revealing areas where individual ontologies require changes to conform to our principles. Our work demonstrates how a sizable federated community can be organized and evaluated on objective criteria that help improve overall quality and interoperability, which is vital for the sustenance of the OBO project and towards the overall goals of making data FAIR. Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. (shrink)

This collection of essays, offered in honor of the distinguished career of prominent political philosophy professor Clifford Orwin, brings together internationally renowned scholars to provide a wide context and discuss various aspects of the virtue of “humanity” through the history of political philosophy.

S.R.L. Clark is a prominent defender of environmental holism and an advocate of the better treatment of other species. Not coincidentally, he is also a defender of a Neoplatonic Theism which holds that the presuppositions of reason have theistic implications and the point of the world is to exemplify beauty, or all the forms of beauty. Here I examine certain aspects of his view. I do so because I’m drawn to his main holist conclusion: we should live according to those (...) rules that will allow as many creatures as possible, of as many kinds, their best chance of living a satisfactory life according to their kind. However, I express doubts about his general route to the principle. (shrink)

S.R.L. Clark is a prominent defender of environmental holism and an advocate of the better treatment of other species. Not coincidentally, he is also a defender of a Neoplatonic Theism which holds that the presuppositions of reason have theistic implications and the point of the world is to exemplify beauty, or all the forms of beauty. Here I examine certain aspects of his view. I do so because I’m drawn to his main holist conclusion: we should live according to those (...) rules that will allow as many creatures as possible, of as many kinds, their best chance of living a satisfactory life according to their kind. However, I express doubts about his general route to the principle. (shrink)

© 2016 Regents of the University of California.The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous (...) tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group. The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available. (shrink)

The 2005 Avignon Theatre Festival sparked a vast controversy about the insistent presence of bodies (whether wounded, broken, or humiliated) on stage. Without subscribing to the reactionary critical response to the Festival, it is legitimate to return to the debate in order to question the ubiquity of the “victim body” in contemporary theatre. Such representations, far from being heterodox, are in fact part of the massive ideology of “the ethical”, as diagnosed by Alain Badiou. The oppressed body thus tends to (...) be assimilated to the body of the victim. The result is the obliteration of the resistance of subjects to their oppression, or of their active response to it, theatre being reduced to the maxims of a democratic materialism: “there are only bodies and languages”. (shrink)

Quelle est l’ontologie sociale que réclame l’interprétation du capitalisme en général et du néocapitalisme en particulier? Cet article défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle cette ontologie doit suivre le fil conducteur de « l’aliénation objective ». Comprendre le capitalisme, c’est pour une large part comprendre comment des puissances détachées, expressions autonomisées de nos pouvoirs et de nos actions, en viennent à faire l’histoire sans nous et souvent contre nous, sous la pression de la tendance expansionniste qui les anime. L’article explicite cette hypothèse, (...) en souligne certaines difficultés, et, enfin, montre comment elle se rattache au propos de Marx au début du Capital. (shrink)

C’est dans les premiers essais théoriques d’Erich Fromm publiés par la Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung au début des années 1930 que l’on trouve une première élaboration des notions de « personnalité autoritaire » et de « caractère autoritaire ». Une sociologie psychanalytique, explique Fromm, ne saurait se ramener, comme le suggère une..

L’article présente les différentes formes critiques mises en œuvre par Marx dans sa critique philosophico-économique de l’argent, des Manuscrits de 1844 jusqu’au Capital.

L’article relève les occurrences du terme « aliénation » dans l’analyse hégélienne de la modernité propre à la Phénoménologie de l’esprit. Il analyse la signification du réseau terminologique et sémantique ainsi constitué au regard de la thématique ultérieure (par exemple marxienne) de la critique de la modernité.

L’idée de faire de la liberté individuelle le point d’appui de la philosophie politique normative constitue l’une des manifestations les plus frappantes de l’influence du libéralisme sur la pensée moderne – une influence qui s’est d’ailleurs exercée jusque dans les conceptions non-libérales telles que le républicanisme. Après tout, il n’est pas naturel de vouloir faire passer toute la définition d’un ordre social désirable et d’un gouvernement raisonnable (c’est ce à quoi vise, en général la...

Les sciences sociales s'éloignent aujourd'hui de l'idée selon laquelle leur contribution principale au savoir consisterait à approfondir sans cesse la découverte de l'homme moyen et de l'individu assujetti aux grandes forces collectives, découverte par laquelle elles se justifièrent à l'origine. Désormais, la singularité biographique et caractérologique compte. Elle forme même une dimension décisive du social. Dans ces conditions, les processus par lesquels le donné social se trouve incorporé au psychisme individuel, mais aussi l'inévitable tension persistante de l'objectif et du subjectif, (...) autrefois thèmes latéraux de la pensée sociologique, tendent à se voir reconnaître une importance centrale. S'appuyant sur l'histoire de la psychanalyse, Stéphane Haber, professeur de philosophie à l'université Paris-Ouest-Nanterre, montre qu'une telle conjoncture invite à relire Freud de manière différente et réévalue ses apports en tant que penseur des interactions entre psychisme et société. Les enjeux de cette relecture ne sont pas purement théoriques. Ainsi. comme projet social et politique englobant. le néolibéralisme a provoqué l'émergence de nouvelles incitations à l'auto-contrainte ( devenir plus performant, plus efficace, plus flexible, plus rationnel...) qui rappellent la violence retournée contre soi que Freud décrivait au moyen du concept de "surmoi" composante essentielle. selon lui, du psychisme individuel. On voit à quel point la critique de l'époque présente peut gagner à s'engager sur la voie d'une réappropriation judicieuse des hypothèses et des concepts freudiens. (shrink)

L’article présente les arguments relatifs à la « libération animale » théorisée par Peter Singer. Il en montre certaines difficultés et analyse les solutions alternatives au problème du statut éthique de l’animal (par exemple la théorie des droits des animaux).